Lafayette and the American Revolution Essay

â€Å"He devoted himself, his life, his fortune, his hereditary honors,halls towering ambition. His splendid hopes, all to the cause of liberty. † Quince Adams once said about the Marquis De Lafayette. America would not have won the war without the help of Lafayette because he was an advisor and confidant to George Washington, he was a general that successfully led the soldiers, and he helped end the war and sign the treaty. The Marquis De Lafayette assisted George Washington throughout the Revolutionary War. When Lafayette first came to America, Washington was expecting IM to be a loud mouthed teenager. Surprisingly, the complete opposite of what Washington expected. Five days after Lafayette arrived, he got the chance to have dinner with George Washington. Almost instantly, they became friends, and from that point on, their friendship grew quickly. This friendship was much different than Washington many other relationships. In fact, people questioned how Lafayette got so close to Washington and how he got Washington to trust and rely on him In such a crucial time period to America. Some of Lafayette biographers have come up with a hurry that Washington saw Lafayette as the son he never had, and Lafayette found In Washington his long-lost father. Lafayette helped him even when It came to Just boosting up his confidence. He once said, â€Å"In my idea George Washington is the greatest man; for I look upon him as the most virtuous. † They also functioned well together; they would plan attacks together and give each other feedback on what could be improved. One of George Washington’s generals, George Than Bilabials explained, â€Å"Lafayette avoided the factions Jealous of Washington because he agonized that Washington was the Revolution and that should be reduced In power or replaced, the whole cause would collapse. † Lafayette saw this and immediately respected Washington for it. Due to Lafayette relationship with George Washington, he was able to become a commander with the help of of his new friend and general. Lafayette had never been in combat until he came to America; Just three months after his arrival, he had his first battle. He stood strong for a nineteen year old on his first mission towards the freedom of America at the Battle of Brandywine. His leg was wounded, but he did not seek any medical treatment until after an orderly retreat was organized. His bravery and actions In this battle led him to become a major general over Adam Stephens division. He was part of many successful battles and led his troops well. In Virginia, in the year of 1781 , Lafayette conducted hit-and-run guerrilla operations against forces and shadowed the army of Cornwallis. Later, Washington sent Lafayette and 2,000 troops just outside Philadelphia to be clear about the British intentions. The British mound this out and sent 5,000 troops to capture General Lafayette. Luckily he was very good at keeping his troops In line which let him hastily and skillfully extract his command to Washington. He did not just fight in battles, but Lafayette and Nathaniel Greene also went to Rhode Island to aid the colonists and expel the British from the colony. Not only did he come to fight, but he helped with funding. Lafayette served with no pay, and actually paid the equivalent of more than $200,000 of his own money for the salaries, uniforms, and other expenses for his staff and Junior officers. Along with helping in the war, Lafayette helped end it and sign the treaty. This was major thing he assisted with. If he wasn’t there they would not have won the last battle in Yorktown. He was able to get there earlier than the rest of the American force, so he spied on Britain and figure out some of their plans. Once Washington and everyone else got there, he helped set up plans that led to an unbelievable battle that led the Americans to victory. He said, â€Å"Humanity has won its battle. Liberty now has a country. † Lafayette had learned to love America and was happy hey had finally got the chance to have their own country in the end. The King and his father-in-law were against him helping and would not help him get there, so he acquired his own ship to travel to America. He was very grateful he went through all the trouble of helping this new country. When he traveled back to France, he helped convince the king in 1779, to send the French fleet north from the Caribbean to fight the British, as well as send more troops other places. By getting the French to Join, they were able to get so far into the war because France had the troops and money hey needed. This led up to them winning so many battles and soon the war. Lafayette got his friend Evergreens, from France, to help with the ending of the conflict between the two rivaling countries. America needed a loan and Lafayette convinced Evergreens to grant it to them. This got them the money for the treaty with Britain. Washington reported these efforts to Congress, saying, â€Å"During the time he has been in France he was uniformly manifested the same zeal in our affairs which animated his conduct while he was among U. S. , and has been, upon all occasions, an essential friend to America. † If Lafayette had not helped America in this heroic battle, we would not have won the American Revolution. He was a confidant to George Washington in all his complications. Though he had not been in any sort of combat until he came to help in the Revolutionary War, but yet he was able to learn profoundly fast and be a great general and leader to his troops that he managed. John Quince Adams addressed to the U. S. Congress, â€Å"He came to another hemisphere to defend her. He became one of the most effective champions of our independence. â€Å"

Gaspar Aquino de Belén Essay

Gaspar Aquino de Belen is a Filipina poet and translator of the 17th century, author in particular of Pasyon, a famous poetic of passion, died narration and resurrection of Christ. Filipino natives, generally were not taught Spanish, but the bilingual individuals, notably poet-translator Gaspar Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry written in the Roman script in the Tagalog language. Pasyon, begun by Aquino de Belen, is a narrative of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, which has circulated in many versions. Gaspar Aquino de Belen was a Filipino poet and translator of the 17th century, known for authoring a 1704 rendition of the Pasyon: a famous poetic narrative of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus, which has circulated in many versions. Generally Filipino natives were not taught Spanish, but the bilingual individuals, notably poet-translator Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry written in Latin script in the Tagalog language. Gaspar Aquino de Belen is a Filipino writer, poet and translator during the 17th century. Aquino de Belen was known for his work Mahal na Passion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon Natin na Tola, which was published in Manila by the Imprenta de la Compania por Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay in 1760. Filipino natives generally were not taught Spanish, but bilingual individuals called ladino, notably poet-translator Gaspar Aquino de Belen, produced devotional poetry written in the Tagalog language using Roman script. Pasyon, began by Aquino de Belen, is a narrative of the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ.

The Exclusion of Women from Criminal Studies During the Victorian Era Dissertation

The Exclusion of Women from Criminal Studies During the Victorian Era in England - Dissertation Example In introducing the topic, its importance, the methodology for conducting the study, the first part of my dissertation explains that crime and criminality was first introduced during the Victorian Era. Previously crime was attributed to either the forces of nature, the devil or the supernatural. Thus the Victorian Era is presented as an important milestone in crime and criminality studies as it rejected previous explanations of crime and offending. The first part of my dissertation therefore introduces the reader to the fact that as criminologists turned attention to crime and offending, women were not factored in and when they were, it was by attributed to factors that supported concepts and attitudes relative to the idealization of women during the Victorian Era. The first part of my dissertation touches on the prevailing school of thought influencing crime and criminality studies and the rather dismissive approach to female offending. Cesare Lombroso, a 19th century criminologists is introduced as the father of criminology. It is revealed that Lombroso influenced much of the criminology studies and he in turn was influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution, arguing that crime was biological in nature (Tibbets 2011, p. 80). The first part of my dissertation thus sets the conceptual framework for conducting the study. It is essentially revealed that Lombroso’s work during the 19th century set the bar for the neglect of women in crime and criminality studies. For Lombroso, women crime was unnatural for women and women who offended were either masculine or mentally deficient. Even the occasional normal women who committed crimes were described by Lombroso as essentially male-like. Based on this conceptual framework, the remainder of the dissertation seeks to explain why women were neglected in Victorian Era crime and criminality studies. Women were regulated so as to keep them at home and out of the work place. Part II This part of my dissertation fo cuses on the role and treatment of women in Victorian England and explains that the laws, practices and policies of Victorian England commanded that women were both domestic and subordinate. Shanley (1993) informs that these practices and laws were calculated to ensure that women remained at home â€Å"bearing and raising children† (p. 79). Women were thus categorized and relegated to a purely biological function connected to their â€Å"sexual and reproductive capacities† (Shanley 1993, pp. 79-80). This part of my dissertation looks more directly at the laws that marginalized women based on this prevailing view of women. The laws examined are the Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 in which men could obtain a divorce on the grounds of adultery per se, but a woman had to prove cruelty or desertion together with adultery. Thus men and women were treated quite differently with men receiving greater rights and authority than women. Other 19th century laws reflecting the gender di fferentiations were the Contagious Diseases Acts, Infant Life Protection Act and the Factory Acts. These Acts are examined as a means of substantiating the claim that women were subjected to a prescribed domestic role and segregated from men and the public life. Part II of my dissertation examines the influence of science and nature during the Victorian Era

Harms of Illegal Immigration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Harms of Illegal Immigration - Essay Example The massive numbers of illegal aliens pouring across mainly the southern border has and continues to cause substantial economic, social and physical harms to legal citizens. These harms occur predominantly to those who are among the most vulnerable segments of the population: minorities, children, and the poor. The primary reason that the politicians are not interested in grappling with the problem of illegal immigration is because it stands to be a potent political issue that can be conveniently exploited by them (Oakland Tribune, 2007). Illegal immigration facilitates the politicians of all hues and affiliations with the opportunity to appeal to their vote banks. Democrats vociferously support illegal immigrants to cash on the fast altering demographics of the nation (Oakland, 2007). Republicans on the contrary use this issue to exploit and entice the citizens who are particularly concerned with the wastage of their tax dollars on non-productive aliens (Oakland Tribune, 2007). The problem is further bolstered by the vested interests who intend to thrive on the cheap labor of illegal immigrants, be it the hotel industry, construction business or agriculture (Oakland Tribune, 2007). ... The problem is continually being exacerbated by a flexible border security, 12 million illegal immigrants striving for sustenance, and a system that is hell bent on taking advantage of those who are willing to provide cheap labor (Oakland Tribune, 2007) The fundamental reason for the flood of immigration from Latin America, specifically Mexico (see Chart 1) is the disintegration of the Mexican economy predominantly resulting from free-trade strategies employed by the North American Free Trade Agreement and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Chart 1. National Origin of Illegal Immigrants: 2004 Note. From https://classof08honors.wikispaces.com/preston. The rampant corruption within the Mexican government has also contributed significantly to the collapse of the Mexican economy. Due to IMF policies regarding Mexico, its economic output dropped 33 % in the past two decades. During this period, its foreign debt rose 359 % because of widespread looting of the national coffers. These factors caused the "collapse of all areas of productive economic activity and employment, is the primary driver of the flood of emigrants desperate to leave Mexico, to find some livelihood for themselves and their families in the United States" (Small, 2005). Throughout the history of America, people of differing ideologies have generally agreed on immigration controls. Public opinion polls have continually shown an overwhelming opposition to illegal immigration as well as for the concept of amnesty. Amnesty for illegal aliens is merely a reward for law-breaking and by whatever name, causes ever escalating future illegal immigration.

Human Geography - Abstract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human Geography - Abstract - Essay Example This is what shapes the social behavior for this ferocious animal in the Serengeti. Quammen further notes that for a lion to be found in a wrong social group could in itself mean death as is seen in the case of Hildur which was fleeing from a coalition of four lions known as ‘Killers’ (â€Å"Short Happy Life 7). Death is also illustrated when C-Boy is attacked and sound by the other three male lions-Killers. However, in most cases, the fights between lions are mainly due to the reason of wanting to gain controlling rights over a pride, which in this case belonged to C-Boy. Death for the cubs may result when their father is killed by the ‘Killers’ and their mother lion captured. They are then left for starvation, killed by the ‘Killers’ or left for the hyenas. However, mostly death for lions is as a result of jealousy against one another i.e. the lion is the enemy number one for its kind-lions. In this article, the theme clearly emerges that the reason why lions stay in prides is mainly to protect their offspring from attacks by other coalitions as well as to guard the premium territories they inhabit. In general, the article describes a life which affirms that the Serengeti is not a place for the impaired, the unlucky or the elderly. Quammen, David. "The Short Happy Life of a Serengeti Lion." National Geographic (2013). http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/08/serengeti-lions/quammen-text 2. Living with Lions Human relations with animals are one which is defined by various factors most of which are controversial. Controversial in the sense that choice is made between the domesticated animals and the wild ones. However, for communities who are living next to neighborhoods inhabited by wild animals, daily confrontations with the same is a general phenomenon. Since wild animals such as lions are predators of human beings, there is always a constant struggle for survival in the habitat. In this article, Living with Lions, Qu ammen documents on the relational existence between man and the ‘King of the Jungle’ (â€Å"Living with Lions 10†). First, the article describes the lions are complicated, fearsome animals, which have continually complicated the lives of human beings living among them. This is because the lions are incompatible with the pastoral and farming life of men around them. Therefore, continually man is forced to hunt and kill the lions as a safety precautionary measure. On the other hand, lions as predators are know to cause havoc by attacking and maiming the human beings. This scenario has seen the trend of lions dwindling downwards while that of men who seek for survival trends upwards. Second, the author has also documented on the past trend line of lions as having been that of staying with men since time immemorial. For instance, the Chauvet cave in southern France has Paleolithic painting that vividly show the co-existence between lions and men in Europe nearly 30 m illennia ago. However, this has changed and for a number of reasons such as loss of habitat, and poaching, fragmentation of the habitat, displacement by livestock, ritual killings among particular communities such as the Maasai in Kenya and the unsustainable hunting of lions by affluent Americans (â€Å"Living with Lio

Civil Liability and Private Police Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civil Liability and Private Police Paper - Essay Example or its employees (also known as torts); and (2) criminal acts committed by the security company or its employees. The major source of liabilities of the private police is the tort law which is rooted on negligence rather than on malice or evil intent. Following are the usual torts committed or imputed to private police: battery, assault, infliction of mental distress, false imprisonment, malicious prosecution, trespass to land, trespass to personal property, negligence, defamation, and invasion of privacy. Hence, any mistake committed by a private police may be the subject of a tort lawsuit. The Fourth Amendment provides protection to the citizens against unreasonable searches and seizures and arbitrary arrest and detention. A reading of the provision creates an impression that it is geared towards the protection of citizens against public authorities. In fact, even the Courts have some apprehensions in applying the said provision against private entities and individuals. In the case of Burdeau vs. McDowell (256 U.S. 465 [1921]), the Supreme Court Civil Liability and Private Police Paper ruled unequivocally that the provision is not applicable to complainants arrested or searched by private parties. Due to the said ruling, the private police continued to avoid all restrictions imposed upon their public counterparts. On the issue of arrests, private police enjoy the protection afforded to private individuals on the argument that they act for and in behalf of the person, business entity or corporation that hired them; thus, their employer practically transferred the latter’s basic right of protection of their persons and properties against unreasonable searches, seizures, and arrests. This is so in spite of the general knowledge that the function of private police is akin to that of the public law enforcement agencies, albeit limited to the interest of their employers. However, the conclusion is still the same – that unless the private police are de putized or commissioned through a valid law, they do cannot enjoy the powers given to the public authorities. Hence, private police, when it comes to the issue of arrests and seizures, must be confined within the ambit of the theories of self-defense, defense of another or the property of another, crime prevention, and citizen’s arrest. Similarly, in cases of invasion of privacy or defamation, the private police may rely only on exercise of reasonable limitations. On the other hand, in cases of negligence, the possible defences are contributory negligence and assumption of risk by the complainant. Considering that private police are usually engaged in situations requiring restraint or detention, most often for investigation purposes, the possibility of being held liable for assault is high. Following are the elements of assault: (1) an act; (2) intent to harm or make offensive contact or to cause apprehension; (3) apprehension must be imminent; and (4) apprehension is caused by the defendant. Perusal of the above-enumerated elements show the apparent absence of

Arguments For And Against Resistance To Change Essay

Arguments For And Against Resistance To Change - Essay Example With evidence of companies failing to change owing to resistance by employees, it is no wonder that organizations invest great time and resources to conduct training and coaching in order to reduce resistance to change. While there are strong arguments that support this view, there are various reasons to prove that managing resistance to change may, in fact, may not be a good idea always. One reason why resistance to change may be productive is that it prevents bad/wrong ideas from being assimilated in the organization. Employee resistance to change allows firms to rethink â€Å"why† they are changing. In other words, it allows leadership to reconsider the business case for change with a critical perspective. If all employees agreed and there was no resistance, clearly management could oversee the ‘downside’ of changing making it unprofitable for the firm in the long run. Furthermore, because resistance to change often comprises of the fear factor (including loss of status, power or even job for employees), it encourages the top management to discover the impact that change would have on the ‘people’. Therefore, resistance to change is essential in the sense that it allows management to develop an open-ended view of change and consider the drawbacks of change. By doing so, managers can then come up with policies and procedures to counter the drawbacks and make change more workable and feasible for employees. Furthermore, the fact that resistance is seen as a â€Å"problem† to change leads management to derive strategies to overcome rather than engage it. Managers may often go at length to reduce the ‘threat’ of resistance and, in doing so, may adopt tactics that may be harmful to the organization. As a result, it is common to find management taking on an overly defensive role in trying to push the change too hard as well as become overly protective of their status in trying to win the argument against disgrun tled employees (Watson, 1982). This occurs because management views resistance to change as a reactive process in which agents possessing power oppose the reactions of other agents (Jermier et al., 1994). This leads them into an evitable trap whereby the management becomes overly concerned with protecting their position and argument rather than listening to what the disgruntled employees have to say. As a result, communication is reduced and the situation evolves into a manager-employee conflict. This stems from the fact that managers may alienate employees who are seen as obstacles rather than resources for change. Consequently, this conflict results in loss of reputation and poor relationships with employees, thereby reducing the morale of employees. Additionally, managing resistance to change often brings with the incorrect assumption that resistance is a one-sided phenomenon. Managers may become overly simplistic to assume that resistance is caused only by the attitudes and beha viors of employees. In fact, many models, such as three dimensional model of change, are based on the inherent assumption that resistance is solely the product of the behavior, emotions and attitudes of the employees (Hayes, 2010). Under this view, managers attempt to see the resistors as irrational and self-centered and consequently, try to block their interference in the change process. Although this true, resistance to change can be attributed partially to the way in which the organization is bringing about change and the behavior of managers in this respect. Therefore, managers who hold this view often ignore the fact that resistance to change is, in fact, feedback and that it must not be blocked or reduced but dealt with

Engineering Managment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Engineering Managment - Coursework Example The company was founded by John Cadbury in the year 1824. It is presently headquartered at Uxbridge, London, United Kingdom and operates in more than 50 countries of the world (Prinz, 2012). Since the time of its inception, the company has been growing at a rapid pace and the reason behind its continued success is its clear strategies, plans, goals and objectives. The company has been operating in the market for almost 200 years. Despite economic crises that have affected the world from time to time, the company is still standing strong in the market. Moreover, the company has always also remained focused on its mission, objectives and strategies. However, the company has faced some kind of issues in the form of PR crisis and financial crisis. To deal with this, it is highly recommended that the company should reduce its operating cost and appoint a dedicated public relations officer to oversee any public relations issue. Question 1 1.1 Cadbury’s current mission, objectives, a nd strategies Mission The core purpose of the company is to work together and create a brand which people love. The core mission of the company is to reach the world and become a leading company in the confectionary industry. Cadbury wants to be a part of people's lives through their products. In addition, the company’s mission is to eradicate poverty in the areas of its operation and create a work environment which promotes work force diversity. Objectives The objectives of a company generally depend upon the business situations. Similarly, the business objectives of Cadbury have changed over the years according to the market situations. Cadbury has always relied on short term goals, rather than the long term objectives. However, their short term goals have changed on an average of 10 years. The objectives of the company are as follows: - To open a Cadbury shop and increase its profitability. To use new technology to increase the production. The company has been able to fulf il most of its objectives till now and the current objective of the company is to maintain the level it has already reached. To provide high return to the shareholders. To achieve revenue and sales growth. Strategies The strategy of the company to achieve its goals is very much straight forward. The business strategy of the company is to tap new markets for its products and increase its profitability. Nevertheless, since most of the products of the company are sold all over the world, it has formulated a two-pronged growth strategy, which is dependent upon the cash flow of the company. In addition, the company is also looking forward to new channels of product distribution in order to increase sales. Since, 70 % of the total sales of the company come from impulse purchase that is why the company is also targeting restaurants, pubs and petrol stations to sell their products. Apart from the mission statements, strategies and objective the organizational culture of

Public Meeting Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Meeting Paper - Essay Example Last week, the council circulated a notice on an intended public meeting to be held in the Town Hall on Tuesday, November 1, 2011 starting 9.00 am to 11.00 am. The meeting Seated at the front were committee members along a hardwood table with the chairperson at the middle. Attendants were busy making adjustments on the microphone in order to ensure maximum audibility and on the projector to ensure that images focused fell on the projector sheet at the right angle with a favorable light intensity for maximum clarity. The chairperson, a young man in his late twenties, is a stickler for thoroughness, and he could not head a half-done work. The stage was all set and the music started booming from the large speakers placed at all corners of the hall. On the public side of the hall, the new benches proved inadequate for the many residents that showed up for the meeting. The room had become stuffy before the meeting started, but one of the attendants tapped a switch on the wall. The fans ab ove burst into life and a refreshing breeze filled the hall, freeing the public from the discomfort that had started to spread despite the chilly weather outside. The only security guard at the event could even manage a smile as he cast glances across the hall. Tempe town is known for its peace-loving residents and probably that is why organizers found it unnecessary to hire more security officers for the event. Since people are quite unpredictable, meetings like these should have more security guards since a group of calm people can turn to a mob at the slightest provocation. Organizers of the event should have put more thought into this, and that is why, though not in this particular meeting, they may end up learning a security lesson the hard. It is also necessary to consider that shooters on rampage have increased and as such, venues form a perfect niche for maximum casualty infliction. At exactly 9.15 am, the master of ceremony walked to the stage along the brightly lit aisle, took the microphone, and requested a local Baptist church pastor to lead with opening prayers. The treasurer then read the financial report for the last six months. Using graphs and diagrams, he explained the financial status of the council, giving both income and expenditure outlines. He used a laser pointer to emphasize on essential details of which the public was supposed to take note. The treasurer’s speech was elaborate giving all the technical detailed information of the trading, profit and loss account, the balance sheet and cash flow sheet among other details. Though important, the public could benefit more if the report was given in layman terms and language. Most people were seen to yawn with many moving out incessantly. A few odd ones were asleep despite the congestion on the hard benches, a clear indication of how tasking it was listening to this accounting jargon. Though the meeting went on smoothly, a rule should have been made to limit people from going out of the hall, especially when a speaker was talking. Because of these movements, attention shifted from the speaker so frequently that the chairperson had to call for order three times in a row. After question time, the chairperson gave his speech in which he thanked the public for continuous support of the council’s activities. The chairperson apologized to those who did not understand the

Analyze temples Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze temples - Essay Example The Belvedere Temple is the only remaining above ground Etruscan temple, since most Roman temples were built on top of the Etruscan temple’s ruins. The only remains of the Belvedere Temple are a partial stone wall and stone rubble. The wood roof is long gone. There is evidence of the two rows of pillars familiar to the Etruscan temples. The temple had three equal cells (Brenders). There is no evidence of what god or goddess this particular temple was built for. We can only imagine what type of religion the people who built the temple observed. Since the temple is so old, the architect is unknown. Etruscan temples like the Belvedere Temple were the inspiration for the latter Roman and Greek temples. One Roman temple built with an Etruscan influence was the Parthenon. The Parthenon was built on the Acropolis in Athens. The Parthenon was built to worship the goddess Athena. This temple was built of the Doric order. This temple was built from 447 to 432 B.C., under the leadership Of Pericles, by the architects Ictinus and Callicrates (Parthenon). The Pantheon was a rectangle building made of marble, with a central room separated by a wall (Parthenon). In one room was a statue of Athena. A walkway created a path around the center rooms. These walkways were in the shadows of the columns around the building. There were seventeen columns on the side, with eight columns on the end (Parthenon). Through out the years the Parthenon has been a temple to Athena, a Christian church dedicated to the Virgin Mary and a Mosque under Ottoman rule (Parthenon). Eventually the beautiful marble building was left in ruins after warfare in 1687. A Venetian general blew off the roof when the Ottoman sol diers used Acropolis as a garrison for their army (Parthenon). In the end, a variety of people worshiped at a temple built for Athena. The Greeks built their own temple for all of the

Sound and Purely Physiological Activity Essay Example for Free

Sound and Purely Physiological Activity Essay How do hearing and listening differ? Hearing differs from listening in that hearing is a purely physiological activity, while listening also involves the psychological processing of sounds. †¢ When we hear what is being said, those words are transferred from our ears to our brain and then we often nod in agreement or disagreement or do nothing at all. Hearing is passive, only involves our ears and involves little to no passion. We simply take in what has been said and then go on from there. In addition, hearing is often emotionless, involuntary and shows little feeling for another. Basically, hearing is the way we understand the meaning of sound, the vibrations that come from it. Hearing is also having the ability to perceive and interpret sound. It is a special kind of sensation that delivers to us, what is being said, no matter where or who is giving off the sound. To clarify, hearing is a bodily element of listening and happens when sounds waves approach our ears at a certain loudness and frequency. †¢ Listening is the absorption of the meanings of words and sentences by the brain. Listening leads to the understanding of facts and ideas. But listening takes attention, or sticking to the task at hand in spite of distractions. It requires concentration, which is the focusing of your thoughts upon one particular problem. A person who incorporates listening with concentration is actively listening. # 3/ What are three major elements that complicate listening? Give customer service related examples of each. The three elements that complicate listening: †¢ the internal elements within the listener’s mind, †¢ environmental elements surrounding the communication, †¢ interactional elements that arise especially from listener self-centeredness and self-protection.

Youth Violence Essay Example for Free

Youth Violence Essay Youth violence in the United States is a major social problem that will inevitably get worse. Criminologists and state authorities are more concerned on the issue of youth violence than adult violence because the crimes involving the youth are becoming more violent and are continuously increasing the number of juvenile offenders (Zimring, 1998, xi). During the mid 1990s, the increasing rate of violence involving the youth alarmed state authorities that committee hearings in the Congress had been scheduled for it. In one of the hearings, Representative Bill McCollum said that â€Å"even though there is a decline in rates of violence, the increasing rate of violent crimes by young offenders are alarming† (cited in Zimring, 1998, xi) In a report published by the Office of the Juvenile Justice and Prevention Program of the U. S. Department of Justice, there are nearly 2. 2 million arrests of persons below 18 years old (Snyder, 2008). This involves theft, arson, robbery, murder, drug abuse, weapons law violation and rape. In this year alone, almost one of very eight crimes recorded in the United States are committed by juvenile offenders (Snyder, 2008). There are also more than 619,453 offenses, of which 181,468 youth offenders arrested, recorded from various schools in the country for a five-year period from 2000 up to 2004 (Noonan Vavra, 2007). Of those recorded, the age brackets of the offenders are: 38. 0 percent 13-15 year olds; 30. 7 percent 16-18 year; 18. 2 percent 19 or older; and 11. 0 percent -10-12 year olds. (Noonan Vavra, 2007). Zimring (1998) believes that the lenient treatment on juvenile delinquents and crimes involving the youth in the 1980s may have been contributed to its increase in the 1990s. (p. 7) There are already numerous studies and researches done to study the reasons behind such antisocial behavior of the youth. Prothrow-Stith Spivak (2004) believes that the cycle of violence usually starts at home (p. 49). Youths who witnessed violence at home when they were still a child, are most likely to commit a criminal offense upon reaching the puberty stage. There are also numerous factors that are most likely related to youth violence, such as: alcohol, binge drinking and drug abuse; media hype and cultural norms that patronize or promote violence in the society; vulnerability of young persons, particularly adolescents; racial discrimination; poverty; and violent or not unfriendly family background (Prothrow-Stith Spivak, 2004, p. 49). Now, the challenge among state authorities is to conduct effective prevention programs on the issue. Counselors and psychiatrists believe that prevention program is more effective than having a stricter juvenile justice system. Prothrow-Stith Spivak (2004) challenge the people concerned in the prevention of youth violence to actually confront the status quo and the whole juvenile justice system (p. 227). Professionals that are usually working with juvenile offenders should be trained on how to understand the illnesses, sufferings and offenses of the offenders rather than just reacting on actual cases. Most programs funded by state agencies available for the youth are usually for the treatment of the problems encountered by them, rather than helping the youth to prevent and handle it. Millions of public funds have been spent on persecuting and incarcerating offenders but minimal funds have been allocated into stopping the current problem of adolescent people getting involved in illicit and violent behaviors (Prothrow-Stith Spivak, 2004, p. 230). Youth violence is undeniably a national issue to that needs to be addressed. The resolution of this issue however is not only an area of concern of state authorities, but also a collective conscious effort of sectors that should be involved such as the family, media, school authorities and even the youth themselves. Only with the proper understanding and analysis on the problem that will ensure the resolution of it. References Noonan, J. J Vavra, M. C. (2007, October) Crime in Schools and Colleges: A Study of Offenders and Arrestees Reported via National Incident-Based Reporting System Data. The Card Report. Prothrow-Stith, D. Spivak, H. R. (2004) Murder Is No Accident: Understanding and Preventing Youth Violence in America. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Snyder, H. N (2008, November). Juvenile Arrests 2006. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Retrieved March 27, 2009, from http://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/221338. pdf. Zimring, F. E. (1998) American Youth Violence. New York: Oxford University Press.

Theoretical Perspectives Within Psychology

Theoretical Perspectives Within Psychology Showing a greater understanding for the different theoretical perspectives within psychology, brings the psychologist or scientist closer in understanding the complexity of human nature and the variety of personalities within society. This paper will focus on 6 of the perspectives [see appendix 1 for a list of theoretical perspectives]. The different theoretical perspectives of psychology have come to exist through the works of different schools of thoughts, who have worked on assessing behavioural patterns as well as human nature. Each of these areas have focused on the byzantine human mind in a number of different ways, through the process of employing a range of methods to analyse the brain and human mind. This has revealed remarkable details of the different human personalities. One of the important theoretical perspectives is known as the cognitive approach/Learning. This field has been influenced by John Watson and his Baby Al experiment, Skinners rat experiments (operant conditioning) and Albert Banduras social cognitive theory and experiments. Because the cognitive approach is scientific, psychologists within this field typically use laboratory experiments under strictly controlled conditions, to study behavior, which critics argue lack ecological validity. Behaviourists have criticised the cognitive approac h, because they believe individuals are born a blank slate, and not with cognitive functions like perception and memory. Finally, it does not always place importance on the physical and environmental factors when determining behaviour, like biological psychology and behaviourism do. In the 1960s Albert Bandura discovered that learning is sometimes possible without reinforcement, if the learner observes the behaviour of others and imitate it. Psychodynamics, proposed by Sigmund Freud, came to exist to describe the processes of the mind as flows of psychological energy within a complex brain. Freuds theories were clinically derived, as they were based on what his patients told him during therapy. This area studies the interrelationship between personality and the mind, by focusing on the conscious and the unconscious entities of the human mind. Based on Freuds beliefs, ego lies at the core of all psychological processes, where human behaviour displays the emotional processes active within a individuals mind. Freuds psychoanalysis was the original psychodynamic theory, but overall the psychodynamic approach includes all theories that were based on his ideas, established by Adler (1927), Erikson (1950) and Jung (1964) (Simply Psychology (2007) [online]). Within medical praxiss, psychodynamic therapies rely upon a theory of inner conflict within an individual, wherein repressed behaviours and emotions come to the surface in t he patients consciousness. The psychodynamic therapist would usually be using this approach to treat the patient for depression or anxiety related disorders. The greatest criticism of this approach is that it is unscientific in its analysis of human behaviour, as the theories are subjective; one cannot scientifically test the unconscious mind. Also, when reading about his research it becomes clear, that his case studies focused, in detail, on individuals who were often middle aged women from Vienna. Thus, the psychodynamic perspective becomes unfalsifiable because the theories cannot be empirically investigated. Biological psychology can be defined as followed: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the study of behavior and experience in terms of genetics, evolution, and physiology, especially the physiology of the nervous system. (Helium (2009) [online]) Thus, one can state that the biological perspective uses biology as an approach to understand animal and human behavior. It is important to realise, in order to understand how psychology and biology can coexist, that animals and humans have the ability to evolve as a result of their environment in order to secure their survival. Thus, they can change to better adapt their new surroundings, which is an important factor. This area is relevant to the study of psychology in the following way. The comparative method, looks upon comparing and studying different species, which in the end can give us knowledge in understanding human behaviour. Physiology focuses on the nervous system, comprising brain and spinal cord, and the endocrine system, comprising a number of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream influence mental processes and behaviour in humans and animals. Many biological scientists today believe that these structures are actually the source of conscious awareness and that they do not just shape consciousness (William James [n.k.] [online]). One of the fundamental biological processes, which have important implications for psychology is genetic transmission/inheritance, ie. the nature-nurture problem relies heavily upon what geneticists have revealed that can be given from parents to offspring, and how genetic factors can intermingle with environmental factors. Each of the ab ove mentioned aspects, the comparative, the physiological and the genetic can all contribute to explaining human behaviour. Through research on the nervous system, scientists have been able to analyse brain functioning under a range of conditions, while also being able to map its relationship to human psychology. Hence, behaviour is regarded as a result of biological and biochemical processes. It is evident that this perspective has expanded significantly in recent years as the technology used to study the nervous system and brain has gradually become more advanced. MRI and PET scans are daily used to look at the effects of drugs, diseases and brain damage, and study its effect on cognitive functioning and general behaviour. Criticisms of this theory are, amongst others, that it often uses a reductionist approach because it specifically focuses on neurological processes. Also, it does not take other possible explanations of behaviour into account like cognitive processes or the impact of the surrounding environment. The biological approach supports a number of theories that originally establish and create d the physiological/biological perspective. Dualism, first used by Descartes, argues that the mind and body are separate entities, but that they interact via the pineal gland in the brain, however today most psychologists ignore this assumption. Materialism believes that the body and mind are the same and further argues that all behaviour is based on physiology, because the mind appears to exist in the brain, thus all feelings, behaviours and thoughts ultimately have a biological and physical cause. Also, they believe that behaviour has a genetic basis, because genes have evolved over millions of years to adapt behaviour to the environment. Heredity, focuses on the biological transmission of personal characteristics from one generation of individuals to the next. Natural selection is: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] a process resulting in the survival of those individuals from a population of animals or plants that are best adapted to the prevailing environmental conditions. The survivors tend to produce more offspring then those less well adapted, so that the characteristics of the population change over time, thus accounting for the process of evolution. (World English Dictionary (2009) [online] As an admirer of Charles Darwins theory of evolution, Dr. Louis Leakey believed studying chimpanzees might bring great insight into our own evolutionary past, and helped fund Jane Goodalls field research with Gombe chimpanzees in 1957. Here she discovered, as expected, that chimpanzees exemplify behaviors similar to that of human cultures around the world. Adult behavior is reflected in the infants; not transmitted genetically but culturally, as variations occur from one group of chimpanzees to another, like scientists assume also occurred with our distant human ancestors. (Leakey Foundation (2012) [online]). Chimpanzees in certain parts of West Africa crack open nuts with a piece of wood. Others use a stone, or place the nuts on a wood or stone anvil first. Chimps in other areas dont use any such tools, although theres no lack of wood, stones, or the same kinds of nuts. On the west side of the Sassandra River in the Ivory Coast, nut-cracking is popular. No chimpanzees do it on the east side of the river, although the two groups are closely related genetically. Researchers use such criteria to rule out the possibility that nut-cracking behavior is inheritable. (The Harvard University Gazette (1999) [online]) When looking upon a biological model, one may find The Medical of Abnormality model, which has been of great importance to the psychiatric profession the past one hundred years. This model operates from the belief that mental illnesses resemble physical illnesses, thus they can equally be diagnosed and treated: Just as physical illnesses are caused by disease producing germs, genetic factors, biochemical imbalances or changes to the nervous system, it is assumed that this is also true of mental illnesses. (AS Psychology (2007) [online]) A patient with symptoms of depression could be diagnosed with an imbalance of brain chemicals. Because this is viewed as a physical illness, cures could be medication to re-establish the balance of chemicals or in severe cases Electro Convulsive Therapy (ECT) (AS Psychology (2007). A problem with this perception of mental illnesses is that physical illnesses can rely on objective symptoms such as broken bones and blood pressure, whereas mental illnesses produce subjective symptoms, such as hearing voices and depression I am of the belief that if the patients symptoms cannot be measured, the treatment given to the patient can only be based on a judgement of experience by the doctor, hence its general effect is questionable, as most individuals react differently to given situations, and may portray symptoms of one mental illness, but suffer from a yet unknown mental illness. Physiologies influence on behavior Scientists have discovered that there are specific areas in the brain that operate particular behaviors and abilities; i.e. the cerebrum, frontal lobe is concerned with behaviour. Hypothalamus is in charge of sexual maturation, moods and motivation and finally hormonal body processes control the pituitary gland. Thus: Physical damage to the brain (biological) can result in mental disorders (psychological). Psychological factors can be mental disorders, predispositions (which are largely biological), sense of well-being, motivation, perception, cognition, etc. (Yahoo Answers (2009) [online]) One of the major discussions within psychology is the nature-nurture debate, which is concerned with the extent to which particular aspects of behavior are a product of either inherited (genetic/nature) or acquired (learned/nurture) characteristics (Simply Psychology (2007) [online]). (Simply Psychology (2007) [online]) As seen above, some schools of thought believe that behavior can be changed/influenced through physiological influences, where as others believe that everyone is simply born with specific behavioral traits. In studies including rats, the role of the hippocampus in learning and memory has been studied. This can be achieved through surgical removal of the hippocampus from a rats brain followed by an assessment of memory tasks by that same rat. The Maguire study (2000) used MRI technology to scan living brains, and thereby investigate the relationship between the hippocampus and memory. This MRI technique enabled the researchers to gain lots of quantitative and objective data and they discovered that the hippocampus plays an especially important role in processing and remembering spatial and contextual information short-term, which does affects behavior to some extent, when certain things can/cannot be processed or remembered. Additionally, as our knowledge within genetics expands, new discoveries are made. The Human Genome Project for example has focused on tracing types of behavior to particular strands of DNA located on specific chromosomes, but studies within this field have also started with animal experiments, who have set the path for humans: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] the genetic mechanisms of many species (nematode worms, fruit flies, fish or mice) work in precisely the same manner as in humans, and in the mouse there are counterparts for most human genes. (Nuffieldbioethics [n.k.] [online]) Some scientists argue that much of the research in this area is very beneficial, as it can be used to diagnose and develop treatments and therapies for illnesses or problems. The main applications of the physiological approach in modern days, have been the development of anti-depressant drugs, where changing a chemical in the brain causes changes in complex emotions, however known side effects of the drugs are still an issue (Holah [n.k.] [online]). However, treatments excluding drugs and merely focusing on the psychological aspects within depressions also exist. Some of the main treatments include: Mindfulness Therapy; a form of self-awareness training taken from Buddhist mindfulness meditation, focusing on mood regulation and preventing relapses and accepting things for what they are. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT); people learn to logically look upon their negative thoughts about the world and themselves, and how these negative thoughts affect their mood. CBT perceive negative thoughts as a habit that can be changed. Interpersonal Therapy (IPT); this area aims to change an individuals interpersonal behaviour by enabeling amendments to existing interpersonal situations and roles. Psychotherapies; extended treatment where a bond between a therapist and patient is created, alongside and appreciation and focus on the past and present, is believed to resolve the patients depression. Councelling; here the patient is being helped with problems arising in the family or at work. If the incident is very resent, crisis counseling is sometimes used. Nerrative Therapy; this area helps patients focus on their strengths in past situations and build on their resilience rather than the nagatives. The patient describes his problems as stories, and is helped to discover how these may restrict the patient in overcoming his difficulties in life. (Google Docs [n.k.] [online]) Underpinning concepts within the evolutionary psychology approach The evolutionary perspective focuses on the connection between psychology and evolution, stating that the sole purpose of mental processes is to help survival and enable evolution (Buzzle (2011) [online]). This approach is strongly allied to the biological approach, as they both value the importance of biological factors. One cannot mention the word evolutionary without mentioning Charles Darwin. Although his initial aim was to comprehend the diversity of species in the world, he gradually came to realise that his theory went beyond basic biology, and he eventually set out to establish the evolutionary elements to modern human behaviour. Darwins aim was to uncover the function and structure of the mind, however the basic concept behind the theory of evolution was that all species originate from simple life forms, and these first developed more than three billion years ago, roughly 1.5 billion years after the Earth was created. The theory is based on five key observations and conclusions, which have been drawn from them: 1) Species have great fertility. They make more offspring than can grow to adulthood. 2) Populations remain roughly the same size, with modest fluctuations. 3) Food resources are limited, but are relatively constant most of the time. 4) In sexually reproducing species, generally no two individuals are identical. Variation is rampant. 5) Much of this variation is heritable. (Space Motion (2010) [online]) From reading these observations, one can argue that within environments, individiduals would have to struggle to survive, and not all their young will survive, thus those with the best genes and traits, are more likely to survive so their genes can be passed on to their young, and these can be carried on and combined with other strong traits from other individuals when reproducing. This is also known under the term natural selection, which will be looked at further on in the paper. The moderations to Darwins evolutionary theory came after his passing, thus sociobiology came to be out of the work of evolutionary biologists in the 1960s. Edward O. Wilson (1975) attempted to explain all animal and human social behaviour in terms of evolution and a range of other biological principles. This area concentrated on the evolutionary origins of behaviour, and often implied rigid genetic control. He applied the principles of sociobiology and evolution to comprehend and explain the behavior of social insects and other animals, including humans, and this established sociobiology as a new scientific field. Wilson believed that free will is an illusion, and that behaviour is a combined product of past experiences, heredity and environmental stimuli. Ever since, many principles have been applied to study topics addressed by the social sciences, including psychology. Evolutionary psychologists have criticised sociobiologists for ignoring the crucial part the mind plays in estab lishing the bond between behaviour and genes. Thus, evolutionary Psychology is a side product of sociobiology, however it is also known under the names neo or modern Darwinism. Evolutionary psychology is a method to the psychological sciences, where results and principles arise from cognitive sciences, neuroscience, evolutionary biology and anthropology and these areas are integrated with basic psychology to gain knowledge of human nature. Rose (2000) explains: The declared aim of evolutionary psychology is to provide explanations for the patterns of human activity and the forms of organisation of human society which take into account the fact that humans are animals, and like all other currently living organisms, are the present-day products of some four billion years of evolution [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] (Gross, R. (2009) P.31) The purpose of evolutionary psychology is to bring the functional way of thinking about biological mechanisms (immune system) into the subject of psychology, and to approach psychological mechanisms likewise. It is closely related to biology (sociobiology), however key differences between the two are still evident, one of them being the importance of the mismatch theory, supported by the evolutionary approach. This mismatch occurs, when organisms are suited to an ancestral environment, and are brought into a new and changed environment. For instance, more people are annually killed by guns than snakes, however majority of people have learned to fear snakes, more than lizards for instance. One reason could be that snakes were a risk to our human ancestors who lived in a Pleistocene environment, where guns did not exist. Thus, a mismatch is created between our modern environment and our learned- fear reaction from our ancestors. Also, biological principles rely heavily on the present a nd what can be studied today, whereas evolutionary approach compares the past with the present, hoping to uncover unknown information. Some concepts within evolutionary psychology come from general evolutionary theory, also known as evolutionary biology. For instance, what evolutionary biologists have discovered on mating and sexual behaviour, have been discovered through a range of observations and experiments on, for instance, the consequences of altering the parental investments in offspring and seeing what effect this will have on the offspring later on in life. Leda Cosmides and John Tooby, argued that the human brain functions like a computer, hence mental processes act as computational operations, thus a visual image of a spider will lead to a reaction; possibly a reaction of fear of, perhaps, dangerous insects. Therefore evolutionary psychologists argue that human beings and some animals are biologically prepared to acquire certain kinds of fear at different times of their life span. Some scientists argue that our fear reaction to certain animals, can be remains of ancient primate ancestors, who evolved a fe ar response to dangerous animals, and this mechanism has been passed on to the modern human being. Additionally, we may be subject to the same reactions to snakes, as in an experiment where Rhesus monkeys who were raised within a laboratory showed no fear of snakes, however this changed immediately after they experienced a wild Rhesus reaction when exposed to a snake (Google Docs (1998). This was also experienced in the little Albert experiment in 1920 by John B. Watson, where 9 month old Albert was exposed to certain stimuli such as a rat, a monkey, a rabbit, burning newspapers and finally masks, while observing his reactions to these stimuli. To begin with he showed no signs of fear, however after Watson began to hit a piece of metal every time the boy was shown one of the animals, he came to associate the animals with the sounds, which made him cry with fear. However, one can argue that this computerised theory can be highly difficult to test, because we cannot conclusively know how our ancestors reacted mentally, and therefore we cannot know to what extent we have differed in brain capability in comparison to our ancestors or similarities in fear reactions; we can only assume what their mental states and reactions were like. The law that an organism can learn to associate any stimulus to any response with equal ease thrived, was supported by Pavlovs hound experiment. However this law was disproved in the 1950-60s by John Garcia and his rat experiments, where they were exposed to X-ray radiation that made then ill, and because of this they stopped drinking their sweetened water. This occurred although they did not feel the extent of the X-ray sickness until later, although Pavlov had stated that the reward/punishment should be given straight after the occurrence, for the animal to learn. Additionally, experiments that have been carried out on birds, to discover if they could separate what is good for them and what will make them sick, have illustrated that, because birds are highly visual like us humans and associate visual cues with sickness, they can learn to avoid geen food pellets (which make them sick), and eat only yellow pellets which are okay. If they were presented with pellets half-coloured geen and half-coloured yellow, the birds would peck at the pellets until they split into halfs and only eat the yellow part. Thus, the experiment proved that birds are biologically cued to associate a visual cue with sickness (Google Docs (1998). Natural Selection, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Animal Therapy Darwins theory of natural selecetion originates from a belief that conception does not always have birth as an outcome, and only a number of those who survive will reach an age where they themselves can reproduce. An examples can be alligators, where I know from work, that from the age of 12 when a wild female will reach maturity, she will lay approximately 40 eggs a year, however out of all the eggs she will lay in a lifetime, it is estimated that only three of her young will reach maturity and get to reproduce. An assumption within Darwins theory is that the young who get to reproduce, will also be those with the best traits and be better adapted to the existing environment and pass on these traits; thus each generation will be better adapted to the given environmental changes. An astonishing examples of adaption can be seen in H. B. D. Kettlewells observations of peppered moths in the 19th Century. Because of the industrial activity and burning of coal in England around this perio d, tree trunks turned from light to soothed dark colours and the peppered moth could not hide as easily. In 1848, reports of a new form of the peppered moth (Dark-coloured peppered moth) were made, which was darker and could easily hide on the darkened tree trunks. However in recent years, the burning of cleaner fuels have once again changed the environment, and the peppered moth has returned in great numbers and some biologists now believe that the dark-coloured peppered moth will be extinct in England in a few decades (Miller Levine (1999) [online]) Natural selection also focuses on a primal instinct, where we not only physically but also mentally are challenged, where only the strongest individuals will survive. I believe that in our modern day and age, we challenge this natural process by allowing the weak to live and pass on their genes, creating a more vulnerable species, both physically and mentally. Thus, we continue to develop medicines, surgeries and therapies to counteract these issue, and try to get a greater understanding of how they came to be. Through the help of medicine and psychological therapies, one can interfere with mental states, where a therapist can help modify a patients way of though, to go against his/her primal destructive instincts. Cognitive Therapy focuses on the assumption, that mentally and the way we think about things, can be the cause of mental health problems as phobias, which can have physical symptoms as well (nausea, stomach aches, hyperventilation etc.). Within this form of therapy the patient is made aware of what thoughts are destructive, worsening their condition, and they get a greater understanding of how their thought processes work. When these aims have been accomplished, the patient can work on changing the way he/she thinks and work on avoiding destructive thoughts. Within this field, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is found, containing traits of both Behavioural Therapy and Cognitive Therapy, thus CBT helps the patient change how they think (cognitive) and how they react to those thoughts (behavioural), and this form of therapy is thought to be one of the most beneficial treatments for depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (NHS (2010), however Dr. Oliver James has strongly cr iticised CBT and has quoted Professor Drew Westons findings in 2004, that: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] two years after treatment, two-thirds of those who had CBT have relapsed or sought further help. (Psychminded (2009) [online]) Furthermore, James argues that cognitive analytic therapy and the Hoffman Process are far better alternatives than CBT, when attempting to solve problems relating to depression and anxiety, as these focus on the patients childhood and the origin of the depression/anxiety, where CBT focuses more on the here-and-now aspects of the disorders. For centuries people have been aware of the unconditional bonds that can be created between humans and animals, and pets have been used in medical settings for more than 150 years, however evidence of the physical, emotional and mental benefits have not been scientifically proven until recent years. This area is now known under the term Animal Therapy, and is to some extent an integration of animal behaviour and cognitive therapy. The animals, such as dogs, elephants, dolphins etc., help to heal humans, young and old, physically, emotionally and mentally. It has been proven through experiments and observations, that: Having an animal around reduces stress, creates a relationship, helps people feel loved and needed, provides a listening ear without judgment and it can improve social skills and boost the confidence of an individual. (World Wide Health (2006) [online]) Recently, studies at the Research Center for Human/Animal Interaction have discovered that interacting with animals can increase peoples level of the hormone oxytocin, which help us feel happy. Also, this hormone does not only benefit us mentally but also physically, as it is part of the process when the body grows new cells. Animal Therapy can also be applied to only the animal, where animals presenting abnormal behaviour, can be helped by talks with the owners, psychological/physical training and zone therapy. Abnormal and uncontrollable behaviour of pets is also a rising problem in Denmark, where it is estimated that majority of danish pet owners have encountered problems with their pets behaviour. In a study carried out in 2000-2001, a range of pet owners were asked if they had encountered behavioural problems with their dogs, and 28% answered yes, where 17% stated that they had previously encountered problems. Furthermore, vetenarian Jà ¸rgen Mikkelsen estimates that each year 1 / 4 of all the dogs being euthanized in Denmark (roughly 200 danish clinics), were because of behavioural problems, and 2 / 5 of the dogs never reached the age of 3. Therefore a rough estimate concludes that 10-15.000 dogs are euthanized every year in Denmark because of behavioural problems (Dansk Veterinà ¦rtidsskrift (2006) [online]). However, animal therapy is gaining more and more ground in Denmark, and more clinics are opened within the country, proving that people are seeking this form of treatment more than before, and the awareness of the animals needs are more widely accepted, encouraging a closer animal-human bond. The relationship between scientific research and psychology as a discipline Eventually psychology was accepted as a science, although its subject matter was restricted. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, attention was placed upon mental processes and the mind. Behaviourists focused on observing phenomenon, where psychologists concentrated on studying the mental processes used to retrieve, store and acquire knowledge. Although mental processes cannot be observed as such, evidence can be gained by using a number of tests concerned with memory, perception and problem solving. Here cognitive psychology becomes of great importance, as it studies mental processes such as intelligence, memory, perception and thought. Because psychology operates with what cannot always be seen, at least in the past before we invented ways of discovering brain activities and their reactions to the surroundings we can see (MRI scans). Part of this has helped psychology become a scientific field, because it can be observed, measured and compared. Without this bond, psychology would never have been accepted as a science, and areas which are being researched today (for instance physiologies influence on behaviour), would never have existed or been made possible, and would have limited the ongoing knowledge that we posses within this area today. Also, medicine and biology have benefitted from the merger, as mental illnesses have been identified through psychological practices and treatments have been found. Many mental illnesses are approached with medicine as well as therapy, illustrating this merger in reality. Traditional and historical theories within psychology have all undergone changes throughout history, when knowledge has been gained in common ground areas, or new psychologists have decided to approach the matter from different angles. Darwins theory of evolution was challenged by believers, who approached evolutionary psychology from different views, which, as mentioned previously has resulted in sociobiology, physiological psychology and biology psychology, amongst others. I believe that therapies as mentioned above, can be perceived as a result of Darwin, Tinbergen, Lorenz Karl von Frisch, Wilson and Trivers, amongst others, theories which have influenced and challenged each other, and resulted in treatments and knowledge which benefits this branch of modern psychology, as illustrated in the number of therapies offered to patients today. Specialisms where integration is evident Specialisms where integration is evident in practice is for instance evolutionary psychology, which is a combination of evolutionary as well as cogn

Violence in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Essay -- Richard Wright Black B

Violence in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Most literary works centering on adolescence do not depict it as the proverbial walk through the park; a smooth transition between the naivet6 and innocence of childhood to the morality and self -awareness of adulthood is an implausibility confined to the most basic of fairy tales and weekday morning children’s television programming. When analyzed in depth, the mat uration process of a human being is depicted almost always as some sort of struggle, retaliation against the forces of oppression regardless of their forms (including social, political or religious obstacles). More importantly, the struggle of adolescence is a struggle to understand not the workings of one’s environment so much as the complexities and definitions of one’s own identity. Body hair, voice undulations, wider hips – these popular aspects of maturation pale in comparison with the development of self-awareness: the realization that one is a unique human being with the right to su rvive and live life according to personal standards. Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson describes this delicate transitional period as a crisis of identity:It occurs in that per iod of the life cycle when each youth must forge for himself some central perspective and direction, some working unity, out of the effective remnants of his childhood and the hopes of his anticipated adulthood; he must detect some meaningful resemblance b etween what he has come to see in himself and what his sharpened awareness tels him others judge and expect him to be. In some young people, in some classes, at some periods in history, this crisis [of identity] wil be minimal; in other people, classes, and periods the crisis wil be clearly marked off as a critical pe... ...nt in the future can one possibly change his or her downtrodden situation, can mold, shape and tune their lives with al the freedom that comes from possessing an individual identity. Works Cited Elison, Ralph. Invisible Man . New York: Vintage, 1995. Erikson, Erik. Young Man Luther. New York: Norton, 1962. Howe, Irving. â€Å"Black Boys and Native Sons,† CriticalEssays on Richard Wright. ed. Yoshinobu Hakutani. Boston: G.K. Hal and C o., 1982. 39 -47. Hurston, Zora Neale. Mules and Men . New York: Harper Perennial, 1990. Kinnamon, Kenneth and Michael Fabre. â€Å"How Richard Wright Looks at Black Boy,† Conversations with Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993 . 63-66. Margolies, Edward. The Art of Richard Wright. Carbondale: Southern Ilinois University Press, 1969. Wright, Richard. Black Boy . New York: Perennial Classics, 1998. Violence in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Essay -- Richard Wright Black B Violence in Richard Wright’s Black Boy Most literary works centering on adolescence do not depict it as the proverbial walk through the park; a smooth transition between the naivet6 and innocence of childhood to the morality and self -awareness of adulthood is an implausibility confined to the most basic of fairy tales and weekday morning children’s television programming. When analyzed in depth, the mat uration process of a human being is depicted almost always as some sort of struggle, retaliation against the forces of oppression regardless of their forms (including social, political or religious obstacles). More importantly, the struggle of adolescence is a struggle to understand not the workings of one’s environment so much as the complexities and definitions of one’s own identity. Body hair, voice undulations, wider hips – these popular aspects of maturation pale in comparison with the development of self-awareness: the realization that one is a unique human being with the right to su rvive and live life according to personal standards. Psychoanalyst Erik Erikson describes this delicate transitional period as a crisis of identity:It occurs in that per iod of the life cycle when each youth must forge for himself some central perspective and direction, some working unity, out of the effective remnants of his childhood and the hopes of his anticipated adulthood; he must detect some meaningful resemblance b etween what he has come to see in himself and what his sharpened awareness tels him others judge and expect him to be. In some young people, in some classes, at some periods in history, this crisis [of identity] wil be minimal; in other people, classes, and periods the crisis wil be clearly marked off as a critical pe... ...nt in the future can one possibly change his or her downtrodden situation, can mold, shape and tune their lives with al the freedom that comes from possessing an individual identity. Works Cited Elison, Ralph. Invisible Man . New York: Vintage, 1995. Erikson, Erik. Young Man Luther. New York: Norton, 1962. Howe, Irving. â€Å"Black Boys and Native Sons,† CriticalEssays on Richard Wright. ed. Yoshinobu Hakutani. Boston: G.K. Hal and C o., 1982. 39 -47. Hurston, Zora Neale. Mules and Men . New York: Harper Perennial, 1990. Kinnamon, Kenneth and Michael Fabre. â€Å"How Richard Wright Looks at Black Boy,† Conversations with Richard Wright. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1993 . 63-66. Margolies, Edward. The Art of Richard Wright. Carbondale: Southern Ilinois University Press, 1969. Wright, Richard. Black Boy . New York: Perennial Classics, 1998.

History of Nazi Germany :: World War II History

History of Nazi Germany National Socialism between 1920 and 1945 can best be described as an era of constant change. Hitler's enrollment in the German Worker's Party provided him the foundation needed to propel his idealistic views of anti-Semitism and Aryan superiority. Soon after Hitler's enrollment the party's name was changed to the National Socialist German Worker's Party and in the summer of 1921 his talents as an orator and propagandist enabled him to take over the leadership of the Nazi Party. Hitler's initial following - stemmed from German hyper-inflation and devaluation of the mark - included unemployed workers and the lower class, his keen ability to organize rallies to hear his speeches were instrumental in raising monies for the Nazi Party. Although the majority of his followers shared his dislike of the Weimar Republic's liberal democracy and anti-Semitic agenda, his party support, due to it's small size, was limited to the Bavarian region of German, this would prove to be a limiting factor w hen Hitler attempted to seize control of the provincial Bavarian government during his Beer Hall Putsch in November 1923. Hitler's ill-fated attempt of treason proved to work to his advantage; thus, giving him national status as a patriot and a hero in the eyes of many. As a result, Hitler served 9 months in prison for the Beer Hall Putsch and wrote a book titled Mein Kampf (My Struggle) outlining his vision for the future Germany. By late 1924 Hitler was release on parole, after serving a portion his five year sentence, and quickly regained control of the Nazi Party, noting that any future seizure must come by legal measures through Parliamentary elections. Faced with a temporary improvement of the German economy by the Weimar Republic's ability to secure loans and investments (mostly from America), Hitler was forced to wait until economic conditions worsened to propel his Nazi agenda. In 1929 Hitler finally got his chance, the American stock market crash of 1929 affected nearly every nation in the world and German prosperity soon came to an end as a result of the Great Depression, vast unemployment and hunger that followed. President Hindenburg's Weimar Republic soon found itself obligated to repay debts owed to countries that once provided assistance during times of prosperity. Discontented German people wanted change and Bruening (Chancellor) believed that a stable parliament majority for his party could deliver the change required, so new elections were held.

Life is Not a Video Game Essay examples -- Gaming

Video games are probably the most asked for present when a child sits on Santa Claus’ lap at Christmas time. They are, in all probability, what kids ask for when they make a wish while blowing out the candles on their birthday cake. The latest installment in the Call of Duty video game franchise, Modern Warfare 3, reached record sales of $775,000,000 in five days (Tito). At sixty dollars each, that means that this game is present in approximately 12,750,000 homes worldwide. Although the gaming industry is a lucrative one, it can also have adverse effects on children and adolescents. Scientific studies, done by researchers and psychologists around the world, show that violent video games can be detrimental in both children and adolescents, modifying brain function, causing overly aggressive behavior, feelings of hostility, paranoia, violence, and childhood obesity. Youth education also suffers because of video game addiction and lack of sleep. Some solutions need to be thought out and enacted for the physical and mental health of children and adolescents worldwide. Patrice Wendling, author of â€Å"Violent Videos Alter Brain Functioning, Study Shows†, states, â€Å"Adolescents who play violent video games demonstrate distinct alterations in brain activation on functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); investigators have shown for the first time† (Wendling 1). In these studies, it was proven that video games which are violent in nature activate a different part of the brain than other types. This part of the brain, the amygdale, controls emotional arousal. The teenagers had less activity in the frontal lobe, which controls inhibition, self control, and concentration. Therefore, these types of video games can cause behaviors in children an... ...dentary Behaviors Associated with Less Physical Activity; a Cross National Investigation.† The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 7 (2010): 46. Academic One File. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. Kim, Yoon Myung, and SoJung Lee. â€Å"Physical Activity and Abdominal Obesity in Youth.† Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 34.4 (2009): 571+. Academic One File. Web. 14 Nov. 2011. Lorentzen, Amy. â€Å"Video Violence—Psychologist Advises Parents to be Aware of What Their Kids Are Playing.† Commercial Appeal [Memphis] 24 Aug. 2006. NewsBank. Web. 14 Nov. 2011 Tito, Greg. â€Å"Modern Warfare 3 Breaks Every Sales Record Known to Man.† The Escapist. The Escapist. 17 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Nov. 2011. Wendling, Patrice. â€Å"Violent Videos Alter Brain Functioning, Study Shows.† Internal Medicine News 40.3 (2007): 20. Academic One File. Web. 14 Nov. 2011

Self-Assessment and Reflection Paper

As I look back over the years I thought about my position as an educator in the early 1990's. I taught adults 18 years and older typing and introduction to computers at Barclay Career Center in Jacksonville, Florida for three years. It never ceased to amaze me at their eagerness to learn. Also as a minister, I experience numerous individuals from various backgrounds. Every one of them is managing problems or difficulties that impede their achievement of intention every day.They look for profound direction and a deeper association with from me and I am there to offer assistance. However, as I started to examine from the top to the bottom for solutions of taking care of the issues of the individuals, I also discovered that numerous adults had an illiteracy impairment which is a hindrance, and of absence of basic education. I found on both professional levels that although the majority were eager to learn, we still needed to assist most of our adult learners in preparing for postseconda ry education, so that they could have successful careers, and productive lives.They were acking so many essential skills I cant even explain how they were allowed in the program without it. Thus we started an Adult Basic Education Program at Barclay Career Center. This program included program instruction in basic literacy skills: In reading, language, writing and math. We emphasized writing, basic math computation vocabulary development, dictionary skills, comprehension improvement, critical thinking, and math problem solving. After a few months we begin to see the turn around especially in their reading, writing and math.So when I was asked why do I want to become an adult educator, and what aspect f adult education or training do I plan to pursue? All these memories flooded my mind. I enjoy empowering adult learners to realize that they can achieve educational excellence, and become what ever they desire no matter what the age. Through my compassion and desire for others ignited me to want to make a difference in other peoples lives. I have selected a vocation in instruction because I believe that it is one of the most essential task performed in our society. I believe that educators exclusively and altogether can change the world, as well as to enhance it.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimers indisposition does non kill like a shot it destroys the unmarried bit by bit, separate away at their person-hood and self-indistinguishability. Most dupes take in for 9 to 15 years laterward onset of the illness. It is the around common pillow slip of insanity in the United States and Canada and later on age 40, the risk of developing it double with age e genuinely 5.1 years during liberals aliveness.A form of aberration, the DSM-IV-Rs (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) criteria for diagnosing dework forcetia overwhelm impair manpowert in short- and long-run re tentivity, at to the lowest degree cardinal of the avocation impairment in abstract opinion, damage judgement, an opposite(prenominal) disturbances of high cortical functioning, record trade, signifi bedt interference with work, kindly activities, or relationships, in addition, symptoms do non pass exclusively during the course of delirium and particular etiologic organic particul aror is bear witness or lot be presumed. For an soulfulness with this terrible unsoundness, living with memory outlet and its associated disabilities be genuinely frightening.Alzheimers takes fashional characteristics that encompass beyond its cognitive explanations. These demeanours require charter because of the influence on or so(prenominal) the forbearing and tuitiongiver. Treatment frequently looks to drugs for relief of symptoms and to black the course of progressive decline, rather than on assisting the respective(prenominal) with heading mechanisms. It has been termed a family ailment, non only because of possible transmittable relation amongst dupes, just because family members interpret 80 percent or to a giganticer extent of the c argon giving. Chronic and progressive intellectual and forcible harm decrease the dupes aptitude for indep haltence and increase the subscribe for agree from family members caring for the dupe at blank space.The victim attempts to imprint sense of a on the face of it t quiter and hostile world, and this leads to dubious and atypical transmutes in look, constitution, decision-making, function, and imagination. Certain symptoms that atomic number 18 frequently associated with depression whitethorn be agglomerate in tolerant ofs who ar cognitively impair scarcely non depressed. Professionals must(prenominal) be aw argon of every last(predicate) the symptoms the diligent is experiencing, and insures from family members must as well be taken into account. The affected role of norm eachy explanations slight negative feelings or irritation problems than ar identified by business organizationgivers.Patients a lot attempt to cover up their illness by modifying the looks of others, rather than identifying their receive inevitable retrogression. Fears of the unk straightwayn, fears of abandonment, trim backed frustration tolerance, and bolshie of imp ulse control whitethorn takings in problematic behavior. Also, appropriate behavior whitethorn plain be forgotten, and faces of family members and friends unfamiliar. However, the victim of Alzheimers a good deal denies these symptoms. More obvious, flush to themselves be the expression of emotions such as dis whitethorn and deprivation. Experiences such as early retreat and anticipated changes in the responsibilities of daily animation atomic number 18 never establish headwayd. The inability to ram a car is especi altogethery dread(a) and frustrating for few. Self-esteem and sense of outlay plummet. Individuals with Alzheimers lose their capability to plan, postp bingle, wait, or hazard the outcomes of their actions. Family members very a huge deal fail to holding dismissivirtuosos similar to those precedently menti championd to a complaint. They tend to deny the existence of the complaint.Family members whitethorn go finished a boundary of denial in which they make excuses for the forbearing, attri merelying the problems they brush to normal aging, sift, etc. Alzheimers infirmity grows immature demands on the family, who have to adopt legion(predicate) roles. The pargonnt, once the immemorial shargongiver to their baberen, is at a time like a child receiving sustentation. to each ane family member unsexs the situation differently, save boasting common management behaviors that volition be discussed further. Within these similar puts of management, reflection of various(prenominal) attitudes is obvious due to unique interpretations of the full tip slip aways.The fellow is unremarkably the autochthonic primary upkeep raiser of the tolerant, further when unable to post the bang necessary, an bighearted child is the nigh likely candidate. These large(p) children fear that the indisposition terrorizing their family and destroying a rage iodin allow for be hereditary. detri kind behavior changes that be permitne by the victim have major effects on the maintenancegiver. Mental health and life felicity of the business concerngiver seem to decrease rapidly, besides according to Lisa Gwyther (1994), the key to minimizing these effects is to strategic completelyy change responses by the human and sensible environment. Changing the responses of the outside world, rather than attempting to change the responses of the private with the complaint helps to organize problematic changes.Experienced mates and wise families learn to flurry the uncomplaining rather than confront them on their shortcomings. They should learn to enrich the victims pleasure in each moment, spurring preserved memories and skills to keep open the victims positive feelings of competence, belonging, productivity, and self-esteem. Consistent reassurance and un civilizeal lie with are vital to peace and consent within the family.The unhurried role experiences degeneration of short-run memory, which a great deal turn ups in misplacement of objects and forgetting the call of familiar race. They have irrational or imaginary fears that make them suspicious of those ambient to them, and they may accuse others of theft and/or infidelity. This is a source of change magnitude frustration, confusion, di strive, and volatility on the part of both(prenominal) the persevering and the family. As a entrust, those bear ond may rely on alcohol and drugs to soothe the var.es of coming to terms with the indisposition.Many families of victims any fail to render, or do non receive a correct medical exam diagnosis. They tend to amaze over- impressd and angry, spirit levels necessary in the member of adjustment. The family members attempt to counterweigh the blemishes experient by the uncomplaining, because the deterioration is beginning to move obvious. Their anger, non necessarily with the tolerant, stems from the burden, embarrassment, and frustrations caused by the perseverings behavior. accuse is floored to be highest in this build of mild lunacy.When the spouse is the primary caregiver (in comparison with expectant children or others), care is more(prenominal) than than finish up, and slight tense, encroach, and ambivalence are spy. Spouses tend to look for activities, or ways of interpreting the tolerant roles behavior, that allow for a act adult relationship, rather than a parent- child 1, which may belittle the enduring. Psychological dialect results from appointment surrounded by resentment, anger, ambivalence, and guilt, self- condemn, and the pain of watch a love whizz deteriorate. Caregivers to a fault history visible fatigue from providing care to their regressing loved angiotensin converting enzyme. Of all of these, the close to gruelling is performing the basic daily activities for the patient, and grapple with upsetting behavior.Proactive approaches towards treatment of the infirmity involve the co nscious decision that conquest is possible, both for the patient and family- unfortunately this is more or lessthing that about afflicted psyches see to it too late. In addition, the victims of Alzheimers may or may non respond to trust expensey symbols of intervention. A patient may react to one slip of treatment one minute and not the next. Immediate, observable changes in patient and family behavior, function, and mood were noted when caregivers learned to separate the issue of the problem from the intention of the patient. For example, rather than confronting a patient or assigning consign when an object is lost, the caregiver replaces the item the patient claimed stolen. In this way, unnecessary variant and accent are eliminated for both patient and caregiver. from each one family member experiences a similar exercise of coming to terms with the changes. This surgery includes terce set ups describing how the victim is the aforementioned(prenominal), and/or diff erent, prior to affection onset, rewriting the undividedity of the victim, and redefining the relationship with the victim. During the initiative stage, family members look for behaviors that serene re relegate the victims authorized self, and those that the person with Alzheimers no longer has. In the second stage, the sickness and individualist with the unhealthiness must be seen as devil in one. Part of the struggle in this stage is to contain the adult identity operator of the victim while managing their child-like commands.Still, in the ordinal stage of the adapting subprogram, major problems continue to exemplify themselves. These may include family and complaisant disruptions, change magnitude marital conflicts, and employment-related trickyies. Family members are usually not aware of one-anothers viewpoints they do not ensure that they are not all visual perception the victim the uniform way. Due to the occurrence that they are not all having the same character reference of relationship with the victim, paths towards the common name and address of attaining highest level of function for the victim may be divided. As a result, the more effort individual family members put into achieving this goal, the more conflict is created. However, it individuals voice their different perspectives and aid discussion, this may allow the family to function as a get it on whole. Understanding betwixt family members can be coupled with sociable corroborate convocations ideas close to the infirmity.A hearty interlocking may be useful in protecting individuals with terminal ailments from rough of the negative effects. An active organization, The Alzheimers infirmity and link up Disorders Association (ADRDA) established a mesh surpassology of individuals and families affected with madness. The speed at which this net profit is growing is clear evidence of the take in for more gatherings like it. Information share, encouragemen t, and readiness of kindly shop at are among the top objectives of such groups.A committee at the St. Louis Chapter of the Alzheimers Association developed Project entertain to appropriate emotional intervention for great deal with Alzheimers in the Forgetful strain. Its purpose is to provide opportunities to share approximations and feelings with peers and professionals, and to have some fun.It came about as two separate groups, one being individuals with Alzheimers and the other, caregivers. Reported feelings related to dementia from both groups include anger, anxiety, stress, acceptance, and frustration. The number of individuals who report negative feelings greatly outweigh those of acceptance.At initial meetings, bonding is established with the manduction of early memory experiences. Gradually, pouf comes from knowing that the victims are not all there are others with the same limit points. The acknowledgement that the victims are ordinary muckle with a chronic i llness, rather than an uncontrollable psychic illness, is easinessing. Overall, the near efficacious deal supervenes when the individual recognizes their own affable change, realizes the diagnosis, and deals with the unexpected attitudes of others. Benefits of group promote in this early stage of Alzheimers are considerable. Individuals sharing similar situations get insight and encouragement through literal exchange when real world suggestions were readed, and non- communicatoryly when words were patently not accessible. However, as word comprehension and creation poses progressively ambitious, the individual enters a new stage of infirmity development.Short-term memory, orientation, and concentration are now skankyly damage. Throughout this stage, unlike memory, intellectual functioning, comprehension, and judgement decline steadily. powerfulness to care for ones self in like manner declines, and respite patterns are altered this is a voiceless blow to th e patients independence and self-esteem. The patient wherefore shapes suspicious and paranoid, even of those snuggled to them. likeliness of involvement in accidents at stem and abuse of medication increase. Behaviors may include night wandering, night shouting, and nocturnal urination (night- time urination). Obviously, traditional family behaviors and interactive patterns realize drastic alteration.Family members begin to feel flagitious for their impatience and intolerance of the patient, even though many of the demands of the patient are delusive and illogical. A major problem for those impending to the patient is readjusting expectations of the patient and themselves. Changes and problematic behavior become a source of stress during this physiological body, unless overall boundary and conflict is reported to decrease, which may simply be the result of institutionalization of the victim. Use of drugs is found to be twice as high in care-givers as in community subje cts, and care-givers often let their own health deteriorate. in particular for the spouses caregivers, genial isolation becomes an issue of mental well being. Lack of time, energy, and interest in social activities becomes prominent as the deterioration of the patient increases. In one pack, spouses of patients exhibited high levels of stress, in comparison to adult children caregivers moreover husbands, in comparison to wives, report fewer burdens, and are more willing to have got the difficulty of the tasks at hand and explore out professional help. Adult manlike person children are as likely as women are to assist their parents, nevertheless the men appeared to have the ability to distance themselves from the aging parent. This physical and emotional separation seemed to turn away the amount of guilt felt by the men. Possibly because of these differing abilities to deal with the disease, there is often conflict between family members as to how to care for the victim.Two broad coping proficiencys of family members of Alzheimer victims are (1) Distancing techniques and (2) Enmeshing techniques. Distancing techniques (as discussed earlier) involve establishing distance between the patient and caregiver both emotionally and physically. Enmeshing techniques involve the intensification of the relationship, and often the exclusion of others. This option is usually observed in cases where the spouse is the primary caregiver. Apparently, it is very difficult for spouses who use the Enmeshing technique to become involved in social support groups.Social support is a turn up mediator and alleviator of family stress and patient dejection. Adult day care programs provide respite for family members, and allow the patient to interact with individuals with similar turn backs. Generally, the patients see the support group as being near helpful in the areas of information sharing and peer support. This information and service may help determine the strength of the individual in last stages of the disease.This var. is the last(a) exam stage of Alzheimers disease. Mental deterioration is complete many patients are completely incognizant of, or unable to respond to their surroundings. The patients are exclusively dependent on others for all aspects of daily living.The patient will, nigh(prenominal) likely, not identify family and friends, and may not announce at all. Paranoia, agitation, and combativeness increase importantly, if the patient is able to uncover these emotions at all. He/she at last becomes extremely weak, incontinent, non-ambulatory and bedridden. It has been hypothesized that at least(prenominal) some of the premorbid changes in strength and failing may be estimateed from changes observed in the earlier stages. Descriptions by caregivers of premorbid personality traits of the victim are similar to symptoms of depression, hallucinations, and delusions. It is during this stage that roughly victims are earmarkted t o an institution for professional care. several(prenominal) behavioral problems such as attack and wandering appear to increase as individuals are moved from the community to care for homes.Acceptance of this disturbing disease comes very shadowyly to the family members. The diseases sly onset and the airplane pilot appearance by the victim of holding of regular physical vigor make acceptance increasingly difficult. As the disease progresses further and further, the changes that occur for the victim become increasingly obvious and family members tend to nail down the situation more similarly than in antecedent, manifestly inconspicuous stages.The grieving mould is lengthy, because the death of the person is long in front the death of the physical body. Although the loved one is long gone, their shell lives on.At some point during this stage, the spouse must endure the last challenge of marital evaluation. Because the patient does not recognize anyone, the spouse is tout ensemble totally, exclusively not single. Obtaining a dissociate often creates many difficult heavy issues. Many caregivers need assistance coping with the guilt of abandoning their spouse when placing them in a breast feeding home. Thus, financial problems come into the picture. paid for nursing home services is difficult, as all effort in previous years has been put into caring for the patient.Relatives of dead person victims can be compared to those whose family member is noneffervescent living. Wives and husbands display similar feelings of burden, save the husbands report more social limitations. On the contrary, sons and daughters are different in their descriptions of burden. Sons report less social limitations than daughters do, and less affective limitation when the demented parents had died. The sons of the decedent elderly as well report less conflict with others than the daughters do.The need for individual support for the caregiver and family of the decedent is important, especially at this stage of sorrow. at that place may likewise be a sense of relief and release, as the commodious stimulateing of a loved one has lowestly ended. The empty body, which once contained a loved one, can finally be put to rest. Help and support from the round at institutions with dealing with the grief of the final impairment of a loved one is valuable and most definitely appreciated.Alzheimers unsoundness is a ceaseless debilitating disease without cognise cause or retrieve. stultification of mental and physical processes is inevitable, but varies between individuals- the cause for this variance has only been looked at hypothetically. It is a terrifying disease for the victim, who is unendingly aware of the losses that are occurring, but can do nothing to check the disease from proceeding on its noisome course. Family members respond to the disease within original guidelines, but the attitude towards the different stages differs for all inv olved. Social support systems have proved extremely effective for both the victim and caregiver in the Forgetful phase of the illness. From that point on, influence on patients decreases significantly, but personal work for caregivers continues. in that respect is an obvious need for publicly funded support for Alzheimers disease victims and their families. The obvious lack of information concerning the symptoms and results of the disease show the necessity for incorporation of rearing and support into intervention strategies for caregivers. Evaluation of a patient with possible dementia requires a complete medical history, neurologic evaluation, and physical examination. At the present time, no diagnostic tests for Alzheimers are available in laboratories.It is simply a diagnosis based on elimination of other diseases. at that place is great need for a biological sucker that would confirm the diagnosis of Alzheimers in a living patient. Rapid progress has been make in ident ifying a potential heritable grading that could be used to discover the disease without autopsy, biopsy, or covered evaluations. possible disadvantages of this approach would be the reluctance of both patients and physicians to have lumbar punctures done, and the potential lap covering of normal patients and Alzheimer sufferers. These potential markers are a glimpse of light at the end of a dark tunnel.Metaphorically, Alzheimers can be seen as a hall that is evermore being eaten by termites, from the inside out. Although the fellowship may look the same on the outside, the very foundation of the house, the part that makes it a home, deteriorates. Attempts to stop the decay are ineffectual and, at best, temporary. Eventually, one will not feel comfortable at home, and will most likely leave the home- perchance for someone else to deal with. This relief is in addition temporary. The eating away of the house continues, until it finally topples into an unrecognizable heap of what used to be a home. This feeling was best exposit by one individual in the middle stages of the disease (J)ust a brutal lost world. Im here but I dont know where I am.Alzheimers diseaseAlzheimers disease is one of most prevalent medical conditions that affect the old(a) sector of society. More and more people continue to suffer from this disease, but at present, there is still no cure available. So what causes Alzheimers disease? What are its effects, and are there any possible solutions for this condition? This essay would delve into the aforementioned exposit of Alzheimers disease. Before the nature of Alzheimers disease can be discussed, it is important to introductory peg down what dementia is.This is because Alzheimers disease is identified as the most general cause prat the dementia not only in America but also throughout the world. Dementia refers to a syndrome which generally indemnity a persons daily functioning. This is because the memory is stricken, as well as other thinking capabilities, such as causeing and thought organization. Even the capacity for language and sight is also affected. Due to the memory decline, aboveboard activities become difficult and patients need assistance from others since they cannot take care of themselves anymore.Consequently, Alzheimers disease is a medical condition which affects the mind-set it is a disease that slowly develops, damaging ones memory and other mental processes. These include reasoning, planning, language, and perception. It is believed that the disease is caused by the overproduction or amassment of the protein called beta-amyloid this protein is believed to result in the demise of font cells. The condition worsens as time goes by and can lead to death.The possibility of acquiring Alzheimers disease increases as one ages, especially when one reaches the age of 70. Those who are beyond 85 years of age are most likely to be affected. However, it is important to point out that though memory loss is a normal part of aging, something as severe as Alzheimers disease is not part of it. Alzheimers disease was first discover in 1906 by a German doctor named Alois Alzheimer in 1910, the disease was formally named by and by him. Five years prior, Dr.Alzheimer had 51-year-old patient named Frau Auguste D. the symptoms of her condition include problems of speech, memory and commiserateing. She even began doubting her husbands loyalty for no reason at all. Her condition became worse and eventually, she died. When Dr. Alzheimer performed an autopsy, he found that the size of the brainpower had decreased. The most notable finding was that the cortex had significantly shrunk the cortex is responsible for memory and speech, among other vital mental functions.When her brain was viewed in the microscope, Dr. Alzheimer discovered brain cells which are each dead or in the process of dying. There were also fat and other deposits found in the blood vessels and brain cells. Th e brain is unruffled of neurons, which are nerve cells. These neurons produce signals which are chemical and galvanizing in nature. The signals are transferred from one neuron to another, enabling the person to think and recall. The transmission system between neurons is make possible by neurotransmitters.Those who suffer from Alzheimers disease experience the demise of neurons eventually, neurotransmitters are also affected, and the brain functions are completely interrupted. The autopsy that Dr. Alzheimer performed on Auguste D. revealed that the brain tissues were characterized by clumps and knots of brain cells. At present, the former is recognized as plaques, while the last mentioned is now identified as tangles. twain are acknowledged markers of Alzheimers disease. These two are also possible contributors in causation the brain disorder.On one hand, plaques are composed of the aforementioned beta-amyloid protein. There is still no determined reason for the death of neur ons, but the said protein is believed to be responsible for it. There are trine ancestral mutations that are recognized as responsible for a small percentage of the early-onset type of the disease. These triad are as follows amyloid trumpeter protein, presenilin 1 protein (PS1) and presenilin 2 (PS2). The said mutations create plaques of amyloid. All three mutations are known to cause at least ten percent of all cases of Alzheimers disease.Alzheimers DiseaseAlzheimers Disease does not kill instantly it destroys the individual bit by bit, tear away at their person-hood and self-identity. Most victims suffer for 9 to 15 years after onset of the illness. It is the most common type of dementia in the United States and Canada and after age 40, the risk of developing it multiply with aging every 5.1 years during adults life.A form of dementia, the DSM-IV-Rs (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual) criteria for diagnosing dementia include impairment in short- and semipermanent memory, at least one of the interest impairment in abstract thinking, impaired judgement, other disturbances of higher cortical functioning, personality change, significant interference with work, social activities, or relationships, in addition, symptoms do not occur exclusively during the course of delirium and circumstantial etiologic organic factor is show or can be presumed. For an individual with this terrible disease, living with memory loss and its associated disabilities are very frightening.Alzheimers includes behavioral characteristics that extend beyond its cognitive explanations. These behaviors require study because of the influence on both the patient and caregiver. Treatment often looks to drugs for relief of symptoms and to slow the course of progressive decline, rather than on assisting the individual with coping mechanisms. It has been termed a family disease, not only because of possible communicable relation between victims, but because family members provide 80 perce nt or more of the care giving. Chronic and progressive mental and physical deterioration decrease the victims capacity for independence and increase the need for support from family members caring for the victim at home.The victim attempts to make sense of a seemingly new and hostile world, and this leads to dubious and atypical changes in behavior, personality, decision-making, function, and mood. Certain symptoms that are often associated with depression may be observed in patients who are cognitively impaired but not depressed. Professionals must be aware of all the symptoms the patient is experiencing, and reports from family members must also be taken into account. The patient usually reports fewer negative feelings or mood problems than are identified by caregivers.Patients often attempt to cover up their disease by modifying the behaviors of others, rather than identifying their own inevitable retrogression. Fears of the unknown, fears of abandonment, lowered frustration tol erance, and loss of impulse control may result in problematic behavior. Also, appropriate behavior may simply be forgotten, and faces of family members and friends unfamiliar. However, the victim of Alzheimers often denies these symptoms. More obvious, even to themselves are the expression of emotions such as terror and deprivation. Experiences such as early privacy and anticipated changes in the responsibilities of daily life are never realized. The inability to puzzle a car is especially irritating and frustrating for some. Self-esteem and sense of worth plummet. Individuals with Alzheimers lose their capability to plan, postpone, wait, or predict the outcomes of their actions. Family members very often fail to judge losses similar to those previously mentioned to a disease. They tend to deny the existence of the disease.Family members may go through a intent of denial in which they make excuses for the patient, attributing the problems they dislodge to normal aging, stress, etc. Alzheimers disease creates new demands on the family, who have to adopt many roles. The parent, once the primary caregiver to their children, is now like a child receiving care. all(prenominal) family member defines the situation differently, but display common management behaviors that will be discussed further. Within these similar stages of management, reflection of individual attitudes is obvious due to unique interpretations of the stages.The spouse is usually the primary caregiver of the patient, but when unable to provide the care necessary, an adult child is the most likely candidate. These adult children fear that the disease terrorizing their family and destroying a loved one will be hereditary. oppose behavior changes that are undergone by the victim have major effects on the caregiver. Mental health and life comfort of the caregiver seem to decrease rapidly, but according to Lisa Gwyther (1994), the key to minimizing these effects is to strategically change res ponses by the human and physical environment. Changing the responses of the outside world, rather than attempting to change the responses of the individual with the disease helps to organize difficult changes.Experienced spouses and wise families learn to deflect the patient rather than confront them on their shortcomings. They should learn to enrich the victims pleasure in each moment, spurring preserved memories and skills to maintain the victims positive feelings of competence, belonging, productivity, and self-esteem. Consistent reassurance and unconditional love are vital to peace and consent within the family.The patient experiences degeneration of short-term memory, which often results in misplacement of objects and forgetting the label of familiar people. They have irrational or imaginary fears that make them suspicious of those hand-to-hand to them, and they may accuse others of theft and/or infidelity. This is a source of increased frustration, confusion, distress, and yellow bile on the part of both the patient and the family. As a result, those involved may rely on alcohol and drugs to compose the stresses of coming to terms with the disease.Many families of victims both fail to seek, or do not receive a correct medical diagnosis. They tend to become over-involved and angry, stages necessary in the process of adjustment. The family members attempt to counterweigh the losses see by the patient, because the deterioration is beginning to become obvious. Their anger, not necessarily with the patient, stems from the burden, embarrassment, and frustrations caused by the patients behavior. consign is reported to be highest in this phase of mild dementia.When the spouse is the primary caregiver (in comparison with adult children or others), care is more complete, and less stress, conflict, and ambivalence are observed. Spouses tend to look for activities, or ways of interpreting the patients behavior, that allow for a continuing adult relationshi p, rather than a parent- child one, which may belittle the patient. Psychological stress results from conflict between resentment, anger, ambivalence, and guilt, self-blame, and the pain of ceremonial a loved one deteriorate. Caregivers also report physical fatigue from providing care to their regressing loved one. Of all of these, the most difficult is performing the basic daily activities for the patient, and coping with upsetting behavior.Proactive approaches towards treatment of the disease involve the conscious decision that victor is possible, both for the patient and family- unfortunately this is something that most afflicted individuals realize too late. In addition, the victims of Alzheimers may or may not respond to certain types of intervention. A patient may react to one type of treatment one minute and not the next. Immediate, observable changes in patient and family behavior, function, and mood were noted when caregivers learned to separate the answer of the problem from the intention of the patient. For example, rather than confronting a patient or assigning blame when an object is lost, the caregiver replaces the item the patient claimed stolen. In this way, unnecessary stress and stress are eliminated for both patient and caregiver. from each one family member experiences a similar process of coming to terms with the changes. This process includes three stages describing how the victim is the same, and/or different, prior to disease onset, rewriting the individuality of the victim, and redefining the relationship with the victim. During the first stage, family members look for behaviors that still represent the victims square self, and those that the person with Alzheimers no longer has. In the second stage, the disease and individual with the disease must be seen as two in one. Part of the struggle in this stage is to maintain the adult identity of the victim while managing their child-like needs.Still, in the tertiary stage of the adap ting process, major problems continue to present themselves. These may include family and social disruptions, increased marital conflicts, and employment-related difficulties. Family members are usually not aware of one-anothers viewpoints they do not understand that they are not all see the victim the same way. Due to the fact that they are not all having the same type of relationship with the victim, paths towards the common goal of attaining highest level of function for the victim may be divided. As a result, the more effort individual family members put into achieving this goal, the more conflict is created. However, it individuals voice their different perspectives and encourage discussion, this may allow the family to function as a complete whole. Understanding between family members can be coupled with social support groups ideas about the disease.A social interlock may be effective in protecting individuals with terminal diseases from some of the negative effects. An acti ve organization, The Alzheimers Disease and link up Disorders Association (ADRDA) established a network of individuals and families affected with dementia. The speed at which this network is growing is clear evidence of the need for more groups like it. Information sharing, encouragement, and planning of social support are among the top objectives of such groups.A committee at the St. Louis Chapter of the Alzheimers Association developed Project prize to provide emotional intervention for people with Alzheimers in the Forgetful phase. Its purpose is to provide opportunities to share thoughts and feelings with peers and professionals, and to have some fun.It came about as two separate groups, one being individuals with Alzheimers and the other, caregivers. Reported feelings related to dementia from both groups include anger, anxiety, stress, acceptance, and frustration. The number of individuals who report negative feelings greatly outweigh those of acceptance.At initial meetings, bonding is established through the sharing of early memory experiences. Gradually, comfort comes from knowing that the victims are not alone there are others with the same limitations. The acknowledgement that the victims are ordinary people with a chronic illness, rather than an uncontrollable mental illness, is comforting. Overall, the most effective coping occurs when the individual recognizes their own mental change, realizes the diagnosis, and deals with the unexpected attitudes of others. Benefits of group support in this early stage of Alzheimers are considerable. Individuals sharing similar situations gain insight and encouragement through verbal exchange when real world suggestions were needed, and non- verbally when words were simply not accessible. However, as word comprehension and creation becomes increasingly difficult, the individual enters a new stage of disease development.Short-term memory, orientation, and concentration are now severely impaired. Throughout this stage, remote memory, intellectual functioning, comprehension, and judgement decline steadily. top executive to care for ones self also declines, and quiet patterns are altered this is a severe blow to the patients independence and self-esteem. The patient thusly becomes suspicious and paranoid, even of those closest to them. likelihood of involvement in accidents at home and abuse of medication increase. Behaviors may include night wandering, night shouting, and nocturnal micturition (night- time urination). Obviously, traditional family behaviors and interactive patterns realize drastic alteration.Family members begin to feel guilty for their impatience and intolerance of the patient, even though many of the demands of the patient are unreal and illogical. A major problem for those closest to the patient is readjusting expectations of the patient and themselves. Changes and problematic behavior become a source of stress during this phase, but overall limitation and conflict i s reported to decrease, which may simply be the result of institutionalization of the victim. Use of drugs is found to be twice as high in care-givers as in community subjects, and care-givers often let their own health deteriorate. in particular for the spouses caregivers, social isolation becomes an issue of mental well being. Lack of time, energy, and interest in social activities becomes prominent as the deterioration of the patient increases. In one study, spouses of patients exhibited higher levels of stress, in comparison to adult children caregivers but husbands, in comparison to wives, report fewer burdens, and are more willing to admit the difficulty of the tasks at hand and seek out professional help. Adult male children are as likely as women are to assist their parents, but the men appeared to have the ability to distance themselves from the aging parent. This physical and emotional separation seemed to lower the amount of guilt felt by the men. Possibly because of the se differing abilities to deal with the disease, there is often conflict between family members as to how to care for the victim.Two broad coping techniques of family members of Alzheimer victims are (1) Distancing techniques and (2) Enmeshing techniques. Distancing techniques (as discussed earlier) involve establishing distance between the patient and caregiver both emotionally and physically. Enmeshing techniques involve the intensification of the relationship, and often the exclusion of others. This option is usually observed in cases where the spouse is the primary caregiver. Apparently, it is very difficult for spouses who use the Enmeshing technique to become involved in social support groups.Social support is a proven mediator and alleviator of family stress and patient dejection. Adult day care programs provide respite for family members, and allow the patient to interact with individuals with similar conditions. Generally, the patients see the support group as being most he lpful in the areas of information sharing and peer support. This information and assistance may help determine the strength of the individual in last stages of the disease.This phase is the final stage of Alzheimers disease. Mental deterioration is complete many patients are completely incognizant of, or unable to respond to their surroundings. The patients are totally dependent on others for all aspects of daily living.The patient will, most likely, not identify family and friends, and may not express at all. Paranoia, agitation, and combativeness increase significantly, if the patient is able to display these emotions at all. He/she eventually becomes extremely weak, incontinent, non-ambulatory and bedridden. It has been hypothesized that at least some of the premorbid changes in strength and weakness may be predicted from changes observed in the earlier stages. Descriptions by caregivers of premorbid personality traits of the victim are similar to symptoms of depression, halluc inations, and delusions. It is during this stage that most victims are admitted to an institution for professional care. some(prenominal) behavioral problems such as aggressiveness and wandering appear to increase as individuals are moved from the community to nursing homes.Acceptance of this disturbing disease comes very slowly to the family members. The diseases sly onset and the lord appearance by the victim of remembering of regular physical vigor make acceptance increasingly difficult. As the disease progresses further and further, the changes that occur for the victim become increasingly obvious and family members tend to define the situation more similarly than in previous, seemingly inconspicuous stages.The grieving process is lengthy, because the death of the person is long forrader the death of the physical body. Although the loved one is long gone, their shell lives on.At some point during this stage, the spouse must undergo the final challenge of marital evaluation. Because the patient does not recognize anyone, the spouse is totally alone, but not single. Obtaining a dissever often creates many difficult legal issues. Many caregivers need assistance coping with the guilt of abandoning their spouse when placing them in a nursing home. Thus, financial problems come into the picture. paying(a) for nursing home services is difficult, as all effort in previous years has been put into caring for the patient.Relatives of dead soul victims can be compared to those whose family member is still living. Wives and husbands display similar feelings of burden, but the husbands report more social limitations. On the contrary, sons and daughters are different in their descriptions of burden. Sons report less social limitations than daughters do, and less affective limitation when the demented parents had died. The sons of the deceased elderly also report less conflict with others than the daughters do.The need for individual support for the caregiver and family of the deceased is important, especially at this stage of sorrow. There may also be a sense of relief and release, as the vast suffering of a loved one has finally ended. The empty body, which once contained a loved one, can finally be put to rest. Help and support from the ply at institutions with dealing with the grief of the final loss of a loved one is valuable and most definitely appreciated.Alzheimers Disease is a ceaseless debilitating disease without known cause or cure. debasement of mental and physical processes is inevitable, but varies between individuals- the cause for this variance has only been looked at hypothetically. It is a terrifying disease for the victim, who is eternally aware of the losses that are occurring, but can do nothing to stop the disease from proceeding on its pestiferous course. Family members respond to the disease within certain guidelines, but the attitude towards the different stages differs for all involved. Social support systems have proven extremely effective for both the victim and caregiver in the Forgetful phase of the illness. From that point on, influence on patients decreases significantly, but personal gain for caregivers continues.There is an transparent need for publicly funded support for Alzheimers disease victims and their families. The obvious lack of information concerning the symptoms and results of the disease show the necessity for incorporation of didactics and support into intervention strategies for caregivers. Evaluation of a patient with possible dementia requires a complete medical history, neurologic evaluation, and physical examination. At the present time, no diagnostic tests for Alzheimers are available in laboratories.It is simply a diagnosis based on elimination of other diseases. There is great need for a biological marker that would confirm the diagnosis of Alzheimers in a living patient. Rapid progress has been made in identifying a potential genetic marker that could be used to nominate the disease without autopsy, biopsy, or extended evaluations. dominance disadvantages of this approach would be the reluctance of both patients and physicians to have lumbar punctures done, and the potential convergence of normal patients and Alzheimer sufferers. These potential markers are a glimpse of light at the end of a dark tunnel.Metaphorically, Alzheimers can be seen as a house that is evermore being eaten by termites, from the inside out. Although the house may look the same on the outside, the very foundation of the house, the part that makes it a home, deteriorates. Attempts to stop the decay are nugatory and, at best, temporary. Eventually, one will not feel comfortable at home, and will most likely leave the home- perhaps for someone else to deal with. This relief is also temporary. The eating away of the house continues, until it eventually topples into an unrecognizable heap of what used to be a home. This feeling was best describe by one indivi dual in the middle stages of the disease (J)ust a bad lost world. Im here but I dont know where I am.